📌 什么是 Nebula 私有网络？
Nebula 私有网络 是 Slack 开源的 P2P 覆盖网络工具。它摒弃中心化服务器，节点间直接加密通信，避免单点瓶颈，并通过 Lighthouse + Relay 机制确保在防火墙 / NAT 场景下依旧畅通——哪怕 Lighthouse 全挂，也不影响已建立的隧道。
🚨 最大优势！ 🚨
- Windows 服务模式仅占用 10 MB 内存
- 无需 GUI，可随系统自启
- 防火墙支持端口级、主机级、组级精细控制
✨ 本文由 「重庆长久办公服务」 出品，专注企业 IT 与办公运维解决方案。关注公众号，获取实时更新！
✨ 核心亮点
- 🔄 点对点连接：高速直连，极低延迟
- 📱 跨平台覆盖：Windows / Linux / macOS / Android / iOS 全支持
- 🛡️ 内置防火墙：基于证书与分组的精细策略
- 🔐 X.509 PKI：证书生命周期可控，安全合规
- 🚦 Lighthouse：节点发现，支持多活部署
- 📡 Relay：穿透对称 NAT，保障复杂场景通信
🛠️ Windows 快速部署 私有P2P网络
Nebula 官方文档；官方托管（100台内免费）；Github项目地址
以下示例将设置一个Lighthouse节点（192.168.100.1）和一个普通主机（Lenovo: 192.168.100.100）。
✅ 第一步：下载和准备
从 Nebula Releases 下载最新Windows版本。
- 解压并将
nebula.exe和nebula-cert.exe 放到C:\Nebula\
🔑 第二步：创建证书（两年有效期）
打开命令提示符，进入目录 C:\Nebula\：
nebula-cert.exe ca -name "changjiu365.com" -duration 17531h #证书两年有效期，可减少轮换证书
nebula-cert.exe sign -name "lighthouse" -ip "192.168.100.1/24" #通信节点
nebula-cert.exe sign -name "Lenovo" -ip "192.168.100.100/24" -groups "hosts" #主机
lighthouse节点作为通知不同节点的ip使用，挂掉也不影响已经建立连接的主机之间的链接，多个lighthouse节点相互独立，稳定性高。
📂 第三步：配置节点
官方完整配置文件(config.yml)
# This is the nebula example configuration file. You must edit, at a minimum, the static_host_map, lighthouse, and firewall sections
# Some options in this file are HUPable, including the pki section. (A HUP will reload credentials from disk without affecting existing tunnels)
# PKI defines the location of credentials for this node. Each of these can also be inlined by using the yaml ": |" syntax.
pki:
# The CAs that are accepted by this node. Must contain one or more certificates created by 'nebula-cert ca'
ca: /etc/nebula/ca.crt
cert: /etc/nebula/host.crt
key: /etc/nebula/host.key
# blocklist is a list of certificate fingerprints that we will refuse to talk to
#blocklist:
# - c99d4e650533b92061b09918e838a5a0a6aaee21eed1d12fd937682865936c72
# disconnect_invalid is a toggle to force a client to be disconnected if the certificate is expired or invalid.
#disconnect_invalid: true
# initiating_version controls which certificate version is used when initiating handshakes.
# This setting only applies if both a v1 and a v2 certificate are configured, in which case it will default to `1`.
# Once all hosts in the mesh are configured with both a v1 and v2 certificate then this should be changed to `2`.
# After all hosts in the mesh are using a v2 certificate then v1 certificates are no longer needed.
# initiating_version: 1
# The static host map defines a set of hosts with fixed IP addresses on the internet (or any network).
# A host can have multiple fixed IP addresses defined here, and nebula will try each when establishing a tunnel.
# The syntax is:
# "{nebula ip}": ["{routable ip/dns name}:{routable port}"]
# Example, if your lighthouse has the nebula IP of 192.168.100.1 and has the real ip address of 100.64.22.11 and runs on port 4242:
static_host_map:
"192.168.100.1": ["100.64.22.11:4242"]
# The static_map config stanza can be used to configure how the static_host_map behaves.
#static_map:
# cadence determines how frequently DNS is re-queried for updated IP addresses when a static_host_map entry contains
# a DNS name.
#cadence: 30s
# network determines the type of IP addresses to ask the DNS server for. The default is "ip4" because nodes typically
# do not know their public IPv4 address. Connecting to the Lighthouse via IPv4 allows the Lighthouse to detect the
# public address. Other valid options are "ip6" and "ip" (returns both.)
#network: ip4
# lookup_timeout is the DNS query timeout.
#lookup_timeout: 250ms
lighthouse:
# am_lighthouse is used to enable lighthouse functionality for a node. This should ONLY be true on nodes
# you have configured to be lighthouses in your network
am_lighthouse: false
# serve_dns optionally starts a dns listener that responds to various queries and can even be
# delegated to for resolution
#serve_dns: false
#dns:
# The DNS host defines the IP to bind the dns listener to. This also allows binding to the nebula node IP.
#host: 0.0.0.0
#port: 53
# interval is the number of seconds between updates from this node to a lighthouse.
# during updates, a node sends information about its current IP addresses to each node.
interval: 60
# hosts is a list of lighthouse hosts this node should report to and query from
# IMPORTANT: THIS SHOULD BE EMPTY ON LIGHTHOUSE NODES
# IMPORTANT2: THIS SHOULD BE LIGHTHOUSES' NEBULA IPs, NOT LIGHTHOUSES' REAL ROUTABLE IPs
hosts:
- "192.168.100.1"
# remote_allow_list allows you to control ip ranges that this node will
# consider when handshaking to another node. By default, any remote IPs are
# allowed. You can provide CIDRs here with `true` to allow and `false` to
# deny. The most specific CIDR rule applies to each remote. If all rules are
# "allow", the default will be "deny", and vice-versa. If both "allow" and
# "deny" IPv4 rules are present, then you MUST set a rule for "0.0.0.0/0" as
# the default. Similarly if both "allow" and "deny" IPv6 rules are present,
# then you MUST set a rule for "::/0" as the default.
#remote_allow_list:
# Example to block IPs from this subnet from being used for remote IPs.
#"172.16.0.0/12": false
# A more complicated example, allow public IPs but only private IPs from a specific subnet
#"0.0.0.0/0": true
#"10.0.0.0/8": false
#"10.42.42.0/24": true
# EXPERIMENTAL: This option may change or disappear in the future.
# Optionally allows the definition of remote_allow_list blocks
# specific to an inside VPN IP CIDR.
#remote_allow_ranges:
# This rule would only allow only private IPs for this VPN range
#"10.42.42.0/24":
#"192.168.0.0/16": true
# local_allow_list allows you to filter which local IP addresses we advertise
# to the lighthouses. This uses the same logic as `remote_allow_list`, but
# additionally, you can specify an `interfaces` map of regular expressions
# to match against interface names. The regexp must match the entire name.
# All interface rules must be either true or false (and the default will be
# the inverse). CIDR rules are matched after interface name rules.
# Default is all local IP addresses.
#local_allow_list:
# Example to block tun0 and all docker interfaces.
#interfaces:
#tun0: false
#'docker.*': false
# Example to only advertise this subnet to the lighthouse.
#"10.0.0.0/8": true
# advertise_addrs are routable addresses that will be included along with discovered addresses to report to the
# lighthouse, the format is "ip:port". `port` can be `0`, in which case the actual listening port will be used in its
# place, useful if `listen.port` is set to 0.
# This option is mainly useful when there are static ip addresses the host can be reached at that nebula can not
# typically discover on its own. Examples being port forwarding or multiple paths to the internet.
#advertise_addrs:
#- "1.1.1.1:4242"
#- "1.2.3.4:0" # port will be replaced with the real listening port
# EXPERIMENTAL: This option may change or disappear in the future.
# This setting allows us to "guess" what the remote might be for a host
# while we wait for the lighthouse response.
#calculated_remotes:
# For any Nebula IPs in 10.0.10.0/24, this will apply the mask and add
# the calculated IP as an initial remote (while we wait for the response
# from the lighthouse). Both CIDRs must have the same mask size.
# For example, Nebula IP 10.0.10.123 will have a calculated remote of
# 192.168.1.123
#10.0.10.0/24:
#- mask: 192.168.1.0/24
# port: 4242
# Port Nebula will be listening on. The default here is 4242. For a lighthouse node, the port should be defined,
# however using port 0 will dynamically assign a port and is recommended for roaming nodes.
listen:
# To listen on only ipv4, use "0.0.0.0"
host: "::"
port: 4242
# Sets the max number of packets to pull from the kernel for each syscall (under systems that support recvmmsg)
# default is 64, does not support reload
#batch: 64
# Configure socket buffers for the udp side (outside), leave unset to use the system defaults. Values will be doubled by the kernel
# Default is net.core.rmem_default and net.core.wmem_default (/proc/sys/net/core/rmem_default and /proc/sys/net/core/rmem_default)
# Maximum is limited by memory in the system, SO_RCVBUFFORCE and SO_SNDBUFFORCE is used to avoid having to raise the system wide
# max, net.core.rmem_max and net.core.wmem_max
#read_buffer: 10485760
#write_buffer: 10485760
# By default, Nebula replies to packets it has no tunnel for with a "recv_error" packet. This packet helps speed up reconnection
# in the case that Nebula on either side did not shut down cleanly. This response can be abused as a way to discover if Nebula is running
# on a host though. This option lets you configure if you want to send "recv_error" packets always, never, or only to private network remotes.
# valid values: always, never, private
# This setting is reloadable.
#send_recv_error: always
# The so_sock option is a Linux-specific feature that allows all outgoing Nebula packets to be tagged with a specific identifier.
# This tagging enables IP rule-based filtering. For example, it supports 0.0.0.0/0 unsafe_routes,
# allowing for more precise routing decisions based on the packet tags. Default is 0 meaning no mark is set.
# This setting is reloadable.
#so_mark: 0
# Routines is the number of thread pairs to run that consume from the tun and UDP queues.
# Currently, this defaults to 1 which means we have 1 tun queue reader and 1
# UDP queue reader. Setting this above one will set IFF_MULTI_QUEUE on the tun
# device and SO_REUSEPORT on the UDP socket to allow multiple queues.
# This option is only supported on Linux.
#routines: 1
punchy:
# Continues to punch inbound/outbound at a regular interval to avoid expiration of firewall nat mappings
punch: true
# respond means that a node you are trying to reach will connect back out to you if your hole punching fails
# this is extremely useful if one node is behind a difficult nat, such as a symmetric NAT
# Default is false
#respond: true
# delays a punch response for misbehaving NATs, default is 1 second.
#delay: 1s
# set the delay before attempting punchy.respond. Default is 5 seconds. respond must be true to take effect.
#respond_delay: 5s
# Cipher allows you to choose between the available ciphers for your network. Options are chachapoly or aes
# IMPORTANT: this value must be identical on ALL NODES/LIGHTHOUSES. We do not/will not support use of different ciphers simultaneously!
#cipher: aes
# Preferred ranges is used to define a hint about the local network ranges, which speeds up discovering the fastest
# path to a network adjacent nebula node.
# This setting is reloadable.
#preferred_ranges: ["172.16.0.0/24"]
# sshd can expose informational and administrative functions via ssh. This can expose informational and administrative
# functions, and allows manual tweaking of various network settings when debugging or testing.
#sshd:
# Toggles the feature
#enabled: true
# Host and port to listen on, port 22 is not allowed for your safety
#listen: 127.0.0.1:2222
# A file containing the ssh host private key to use
# A decent way to generate one: ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -f ssh_host_ed25519_key -N "" < /dev/null
#host_key: ./ssh_host_ed25519_key
# Authorized users and their public keys
#authorized_users:
#- user: steeeeve
# keys can be an array of strings or single string
#keys:
#- "ssh public key string"
# Trusted SSH CA public keys. These are the public keys of the CAs that are allowed to sign SSH keys for access.
#trusted_cas:
#- "ssh public key string"
# EXPERIMENTAL: relay support for networks that can't establish direct connections.
relay:
# Relays are a list of Nebula IP's that peers can use to relay packets to me.
# IPs in this list must have am_relay set to true in their configs, otherwise
# they will reject relay requests.
#relays:
#- 192.168.100.1
#- <other Nebula VPN IPs of hosts used as relays to access me>
# Set am_relay to true to permit other hosts to list my IP in their relays config. Default false.
am_relay: false
# Set use_relays to false to prevent this instance from attempting to establish connections through relays.
# default true
use_relays: true
# Configure the private interface. Note: addr is baked into the nebula certificate
tun:
# When tun is disabled, a lighthouse can be started without a local tun interface (and therefore without root)
disabled: false
# Name of the device. If not set, a default will be chosen by the OS.
# For macOS: if set, must be in the form `utun[0-9]+`.
# For NetBSD: Required to be set, must be in the form `tun[0-9]+`
dev: nebula1
# Toggles forwarding of local broadcast packets, the address of which depends on the ip/mask encoded in pki.cert
drop_local_broadcast: false
# Toggles forwarding of multicast packets
drop_multicast: false
# Sets the transmit queue length, if you notice lots of transmit drops on the tun it may help to raise this number. Default is 500
tx_queue: 500
# Default MTU for every packet, safe setting is (and the default) 1300 for internet based traffic
mtu: 1300
# Route based MTU overrides, you have known vpn ip paths that can support larger MTUs you can increase/decrease them here
routes:
#- mtu: 8800
# route: 10.0.0.0/16
# Unsafe routes allows you to route traffic over nebula to non-nebula nodes
# Unsafe routes should be avoided unless you have hosts/services that cannot run nebula
# Supports weighted ECMP if you define a list of gateways, this can be used for load balancing or redundancy to hosts outside of nebula
# NOTES:
# * You will only see a single gateway in the routing table if you are not on linux
# * If a gateway is not reachable through the overlay another gateway will be selected to send the traffic through, ignoring weights
#
# unsafe_routes:
# # Multiple gateways without defining a weight defaults to a weight of 1, this will balance traffic equally between the three gateways
# - route: 192.168.87.0/24
# via:
# - gateway: 10.0.0.1
# - gateway: 10.0.0.2
# - gateway: 10.0.0.3
# # Multiple gateways with a weight, this will balance traffic accordingly
# - route: 192.168.87.0/24
# via:
# - gateway: 10.0.0.1
# weight: 10
# - gateway: 10.0.0.2
# weight: 5
#
# NOTE: The nebula certificate of the "via" node(s) *MUST* have the "route" defined as a subnet in its certificate
# `via`: single node or list of gateways to use for this route
# `mtu`: will default to tun mtu if this option is not specified
# `metric`: will default to 0 if this option is not specified
# `install`: will default to true, controls whether this route is installed in the systems routing table.
# This setting is reloadable.
unsafe_routes:
#- route: 172.16.1.0/24
# via: 192.168.100.99
# mtu: 1300
# metric: 100
# install: true
# On linux only, set to true to manage unsafe routes directly on the system route table with gateway routes instead of
# in nebula configuration files. Default false, not reloadable.
#use_system_route_table: false
# Buffer size for reading routes updates. 0 means default system buffer size. (/proc/sys/net/core/rmem_default).
# If using massive routes updates, for example BGP, you may need to increase this value to avoid packet loss.
# SO_RCVBUFFORCE is used to avoid having to raise the system wide max
#use_system_route_table_buffer_size: 0
# Configure logging level
logging:
# panic, fatal, error, warning, info, or debug. Default is info and is reloadable.
#NOTE: Debug mode can log remotely controlled/untrusted data which can quickly fill a disk in some
# scenarios. Debug logging is also CPU intensive and will decrease performance overall.
# Only enable debug logging while actively investigating an issue.
level: info
# json or text formats currently available. Default is text
format: text
# Disable timestamp logging. useful when output is redirected to logging system that already adds timestamps. Default is false
#disable_timestamp: true
# timestamp format is specified in Go time format, see:
# https://golang.org/pkg/time/#pkg-constants
# default when `format: json`: "2006-01-02T15:04:05Z07:00" (RFC3339)
# default when `format: text`:
# when TTY attached: seconds since beginning of execution
# otherwise: "2006-01-02T15:04:05Z07:00" (RFC3339)
# As an example, to log as RFC3339 with millisecond precision, set to:
#timestamp_format: "2006-01-02T15:04:05.000Z07:00"
#stats:
#type: graphite
#prefix: nebula
#protocol: tcp
#host: 127.0.0.1:9999
#interval: 10s
#type: prometheus
#listen: 127.0.0.1:8080
#path: /metrics
#namespace: prometheusns
#subsystem: nebula
#interval: 10s
# enables counter metrics for meta packets
# e.g.: `messages.tx.handshake`
# NOTE: `message.{tx,rx}.recv_error` is always emitted
#message_metrics: false
# enables detailed counter metrics for lighthouse packets
# e.g.: `lighthouse.rx.HostQuery`
#lighthouse_metrics: false
# Handshake Manager Settings
#handshakes:
# Handshakes are sent to all known addresses at each interval with a linear backoff,
# Wait try_interval after the 1st attempt, 2 * try_interval after the 2nd, etc, until the handshake is older than timeout
# A 100ms interval with the default 10 retries will give a handshake 5.5 seconds to resolve before timing out
#try_interval: 100ms
#retries: 20
# query_buffer is the size of the buffer channel for querying lighthouses
#query_buffer: 64
# trigger_buffer is the size of the buffer channel for quickly sending handshakes
# after receiving the response for lighthouse queries
#trigger_buffer: 64
# Nebula security group configuration
firewall:
# Action to take when a packet is not allowed by the firewall rules.
# Can be one of:
# `drop` (default): silently drop the packet.
# `reject`: send a reject reply.
# - For TCP, this will be a RST "Connection Reset" packet.
# - For other protocols, this will be an ICMP port unreachable packet.
outbound_action: drop
inbound_action: drop
# THIS FLAG IS DEPRECATED AND WILL BE REMOVED IN A FUTURE RELEASE. (Defaults to false.)
# This setting only affects nebula hosts exposing unsafe_routes. When set to false, each inbound rule must contain a
# `local_cidr` if the intention is to allow traffic to flow to an unsafe route. When set to true, every firewall rule
# will apply to all configured unsafe_routes regardless of the actual destination of the packet, unless `local_cidr`
# is explicitly defined. This is usually not the desired behavior and should be avoided!
#default_local_cidr_any: false
conntrack:
tcp_timeout: 12m
udp_timeout: 3m
default_timeout: 10m
# The firewall is default deny. There is no way to write a deny rule.
# Rules are comprised of a protocol, port, and one or more of host, group, or CIDR
# Logical evaluation is roughly: port AND proto AND (ca_sha OR ca_name) AND (host OR group OR groups OR cidr) AND (local cidr)
# - port: Takes `0` or `any` as any, a single number `80`, a range `200-901`, or `fragment` to match second and further fragments of fragmented packets (since there is no port available).
# code: same as port but makes more sense when talking about ICMP, TODO: this is not currently implemented in a way that works, use `any`
# proto: `any`, `tcp`, `udp`, or `icmp`
# host: `any` or a literal hostname, ie `test-host`
# group: `any` or a literal group name, ie `default-group`
# groups: Same as group but accepts a list of values. Multiple values are AND'd together and a certificate would have to contain all groups to pass
# cidr: a remote CIDR, `0.0.0.0/0` is any ipv4 and `::/0` is any ipv6.
# local_cidr: a local CIDR, `0.0.0.0/0` is any ipv4 and `::/0` is any ipv6. This can be used to filter destinations when using unsafe_routes.
# By default, this is set to only the VPN (overlay) networks assigned via the certificate networks field unless `default_local_cidr_any` is set to true.
# If there are unsafe_routes present in this config file, `local_cidr` should be set appropriately for the intended us case.
# ca_name: An issuing CA name
# ca_sha: An issuing CA shasum
outbound:
# Allow all outbound traffic from this node
- port: any
proto: any
host: any
inbound:
# Allow icmp between any nebula hosts
- port: any
proto: icmp
host: any
# Allow tcp/443 from any host with BOTH laptop and home group
- port: 443
proto: tcp
groups:
- laptop
- home
# Expose a subnet (unsafe route) to hosts with the group remote_client
# This example assume you have a subnet of 192.168.100.1/24 or larger encoded in the certificate
- port: 8080
proto: tcp
group: remote_client
local_cidr: 192.168.100.1/24
Lighthouse节点 (config.yml):
pki:
ca: "ca.crt"
cert: "lighthouse.crt"
key: "lighthouse.key"
#static_host_map: #lighthouse 节点如果不相互通讯可注释
# "192.168.100.1": ["<公共IP>:4242"]
lighthouse:
am_lighthouse: true
punchy:
# Continues to punch inbound/outbound at a regular interval to avoid expiration of firewall nat mappings
punch: true
listen:
host: 0.0.0.0 #ipv4&ipv6: "::"
port: 4242
tun:
dev: nebula1
relay:
am_relay: true
firewall:
outbound:
- port: any
proto: any
host: any
inbound:
- port: any
proto: any
host: any
Lenovo主机 (config.yml):
pki:
ca: "ca.crt"
cert: "Lenovo.crt"
key: "Lenovo.key"
static_host_map:
"192.168.100.1": ["<Lighthouse公共IP>:4242"]
lighthouse:
am_lighthouse: false
hosts:
- "192.168.100.1"
listen:
host: 0.0.0.0
port: 0 #0代表随机端口
tun:
dev: nebula1
relay:
relays:
- 192.168.100.1
use_relays: true
am_relay: false
firewall:
outbound:
- port: any
proto: any
host: any
inbound:
- port: any
proto: any
host: any
PKI可合并证书密钥如下（方便部署；但注意层级，不要顶格）：
pki:
ca: |
-----BEGIN NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
CjUKA1RhxxxwTn3f7tkVgLwBpNCT6kUpVh6
4dDoNBRAxxxeAvQDiYeWg/X9xwCGLbxxxaz7b
hJwDqf3Exxxxf2OXnHPDw==
-----END NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
cert: |
-----BEGIN NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
CmsKxxbGwSCuXIxxx1lhbmdxxY6IMHKtyg7
qMNhN+K5mmVr/+gxxxgcmcQVq0cd
u8pW26Nzo+CJcswQhxJA+IgBLdxxxjI66nAks400Ugjc6Bt
b5eJxxxThcZXDAA==
-----END NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
🚦 第四步：启动Nebula
nebula.exe -config ./config.yml
或作为Windows服务运行：
nebula.exe -service install -config C:\Nebula\config.yml #安装服务时配置文件要绝对路径
nebula.exe -service start
✅ 第五步：测试连接
在Lenovo节点测试ping Lighthouse节点：
ping 192.168.100.1
确保防火墙允许Nebula流量通过！
🔁 中继 Relay 快速启用
中继配置可帮助位于防火墙或NAT后的节点顺畅通信：
- Lighthouse节点启用中继：
relay:
am_relay: true
- 主机节点启用中继使用：
relay:
relays:
- 192.168.100.1
use_relays: true
am_relay: false
punchy:
# Continues to punch inbound/outbound at a regular interval to avoid expiration of firewall nat mappings
punch: true
🔐 Nebula 组网 vs. Tailscale
| 功能 | Nebula 私有网络 | Tailscale |
|---|---|---|
| 控制面 | 去中心化 | SaaS / 自建 Headscale |
| 防火墙粒度 | 证书 + 组级规则 | 中央 ACL |
| NAT 穿透 | Punchy + Relay | DERP |
| 适合场景 | 私有化 / 离线 / 高隐私 | 简单快速接入 |
| 免费规模 | 无硬性上限 | 个人 100 端 |
Nebula 灵活度更高，适合重视隐私或需离线部署的企业。
📱 Nebula 私有P2P网络 跨平台配置
🐳 Docker / 群晖一键部署
使用Docker部署Nebula，推荐使用以下配置：
version: '3.8'
services:
nebula:
image: nebulaoss/nebula
container_name: nebula
network_mode: "host"
cap_add:
- NET_ADMIN
volumes:
- ./config:/config
restart: unless-stopped
🖥️ Linux systemd 守护
将以下内容保存到/usr/lib/systemd/system/nebula.service 中，以作为systemd守护进程运行Nebula：
[Unit]
Description=nebula
After=network.target
[Service]
Type=simple
WorkingDirectory=/etc/nebula
ExecStart=/usr/bin/nebula --config /etc/nebula/config.yml
Restart=on-failure
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
🌟 总结
通过上述五步，你已成功搭建 Nebula 私有网络，并完成 Lighthouse、Relay、Windows 服务化及 Docker / Linux 守护安装。
在 重庆 本地企业场景中，它能低成本构建跨办公室、跨云 VPC 的加密通道，助力设备维护与远程运维！
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